![]() Changes in nanoparticle concentration caused a significant difference on the nanofluid ST while the difference in relative ST was insignificant. Statistical analyses revealed that changes in ultrasonication amplitude resulted in a statistically significance difference on nanofluid ST and relative ST. Such a nano-film can play a key role in the anomalous thermal transport and wettability of nanofluids. ![]() A nano-film over individual and agglomerated nanoparticles spotted via TEM imaging was affected from the ultrasonication. Results showed that after direct ultrasonication, nanofluids ST is strongly affected by the temperature raise, and in those cases relative ST may provide a clearer picture. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of ST– ultrasonication process relation for a nanofluid. The experiments covered variation of ST with ZnO concentration (0.05–0.4 vol%), ultrasonication amplitude (40% and 100%) and duration. ST of water-based ZnO nanofluids were measured in the presence and absence of direct ultrasonication. Boiling heat transfer, microfluidics and drug development are among the applications where ST is a variable. To assess nanofluids potential as industrial products, a complete picture is required to prove their performance in a specific application. ![]() Nanofluids’ thermophysical properties and heat transfer performance has been investigated for many years, while research on their surface tension (ST) and wetting behavior is very limited. ![]()
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